Inteko ya 8 ‘class 8’ (nouns of abstract ideas):
|
|
Singular
|
1
|
2
|
Plural
|
1
|
2
|
|
Noun prefix
|
ubu-
|
ubwato
|
uburiri
|
ama-
|
amato
|
amariri
|
|
Possessive prefix
|
bwa-
|
bwanjye
|
bwanjye
|
ya-
|
yanjye
|
yanjye
|
|
Adjective prefix
|
bu-
|
bunini
|
buto
|
ma-
|
manini
|
mato
|
|
Verb prefix
|
bu-
|
buri mu nyanja
|
buri mu nzu
|
a-
|
ari mu nyanja
|
ari mu nzu
|
Note:
(1) Most of words in this class have no plural except the two which are shown on the above tableau: " ubwato - amato" and "uburiri - amariri".
(2) The great majority of words in this class are those expressing abstract ideas rarely have a plural. Have a look at some of this kind of names on the tableau below:
|
ubwenge
|
wisdom
|
|
ubwoba
|
fear
|
|
ubwoya
|
fur/hair (animal)
|
|
ubwanwa
|
beard
|
|
ubwana
|
childhood
|
|
ubupfura
|
kindness
|
|
ubupfu
|
stupidity/naivety
|
|
ubusazi
|
foolishness
|
|
ubukene
|
poverty
|
|
ubuswa
|
ignorance
|
|
ubuhanga
|
intelligence
|
|
ubutabera
|
justice
|
|
ubwigenge
|
freedom
|
|
ubwiza
|
beauty
|
|
ubuntu
|
grace
|
|
ubugingo
|
life
|
|
ubushye
|
burn
|
|
ubusore
|
youth
|
|
ubutumwa
|
message
|
|
uburyo
|
opportunity
|
|
ubushyuhe
|
heat
|
|
ubukonje
|
cold
|
|
ubunebwe
|
laziness
|
|
ubute
|
laziness
|
|
ububabare
|
pain
|
|
ubucuti
|
friendship
|
|
ubukungu
|
economy
|
|
ubuhemu
|
infidelity
|
|
uburakari
|
anger
|
|
byuka bwakeye
|
wake up, it has dawned
|
|
burije taha
|
go home, it is getting dark
|
|
bukeye bwaho
|
the next day
|
|
genda ubungubu
|
go right now
|
(3) Another use of this class is in temporal expressions, such as: "bwakeye", "burije", "bukeye".
|
byuka bwakeye
|
wake up, it has dawned
|
|
burije taha
|
go home, it is getting dark
|
|
bukeye bwaho
|
the next day
|
|
genda ubungubu
|
go right now
|
Imperative of irregular verb"kuza" (to come):
This verb has no imperative in the singular. Instead, we use the word "ngwino" to say come. It is generally used to invite someone to do or share something. In plural you use the main verb "kuza". See the following examples:
|
Singular 2nd person
|
|
|
ngwino imuhira
|
come home
|
|
ngwino mu rugo
|
come home
|
|
ngwino mu nzu
|
come in the house
|
|
ngwino hano
|
come here
|
|
ngwino hano umfashe
|
cone here and help me
|
|
ngwino vuba
|
come quickly
|
|
ngwino wicare hano
|
come and sit here
|
|
ngwino urye
|
come and eat
|
|
ngwino tubyine
|
come and we dance
|
|
ngwino tuvugane
|
come and we talk
|
|
ngwino tujyane
|
come and we go together
|
|
nwino twigane
|
come and we study together
|
| |
|
|
|
Plural 2nd person
|
|
|
nimuze imuhira
|
come home
|
|
nimuze mu rugo
|
come home
|
|
nimuze mu nzu
|
come in the house
|
|
nimuze hano
|
come here
|
|
nimuze vuba
|
come quickly
|
|
nimuze mwicare hano
|
come and sit here
|
|
nimuze murye
|
come and eat
|
|
nimuze tubyine
|
come and we dance
|
|
nimuze tuvugane
|
come and we talk
|
|
nimuze tujyane
|
come and we go together
|
|
nimuze twigane
|
come and we study together
|
| |
|
|
Note: The imperative of the verb "kuza" in the 3rd person plural means: "let them..." as shown on the following tableau. In this case, it is used as a subjunctive which we will deak with at a later stage. It is has "ni" at the beginning before the object pronoun "tu, mu, ba" and ends with the vowel "e". Example: ni+mu+vuge; ni+ba+vuge (kuvuga); ni+mu+ze; ni+ba+ze (kuza)
|
Plural 3rd person
|
|
|
nibaze imuhira
|
let them come home
|
|
nibaze mu rugo
|
let them come home
|
|
nibaze mu nzu
|
let them come in the house
|
|
nibaze hano
|
let them come here
|
|
nibaze hano bamfashe
|
let them come here and help me
|
|
nibambaze icyo bashaka
|
let them ask me what they want
|
|
nibaze vuba
|
let them come quickly
|
|
nibaze bicare hano
|
let them come and sit here
|
|
nibaze barye
|
let them come and eat
|
|
nibaze babyine
|
let them come and we dance
|
|
nibaze tuvugane
|
let them come and we talk
|
|
nibaze tujyane
|
let them come and we go together
|
|
nibaze twigane
|
let them come and we study together
|
| |
|
|
The use of the pronoun "-mwe"
Note:
The pronoun "-mwe" is frequently used in Kinyarwanda for different meanings when used alone or associated with other words. See illustration on the following tableaux.
(1) "-mwe"used alone in singular behaves like a numeral cardinal "umwe" meaning "one". When used in plural, it means "certain, some".
|
singular
|
|
|
haje umuntu umwe gusa
|
only one person came
|
|
mfite umurimo umwe
|
I have one job
|
|
dufte inka imwe
|
we have one cow
|
|
yaguze igitabo kimwe
|
she bought one book
|
|
azi ahantu hamwe gusa
|
he knows only one place
|
| |
|
|
|
Plural
|
|
|
abantu bamwe si beza
|
some people are not good
|
|
imirimo imwe iraruhije
|
some jobs are difficult
|
|
inka zimwe ni nini
|
some cows ar big
|
|
ibitabo bimwe birashaje
|
some books are old
|
|
ahantu hamwe hasa neza
|
some places look nice
|
| |
|
|
(2) "-mwe" used with verb "ni/si" in plural means "the same", with the sense of "people, things, objects that look alike
|
aba bana ni bamwe
|
these children look like
|
|
aya mashati ni amwe
|
these shirt are the same
|
|
ibi bitabo ni bimwe
|
these books are the same
|
|
izi nkweto si zimwe
|
these shoes are not the same
|
|
aya mazu si amwe
|
these houses are not the same
|
(3) "-mwe" used with "-ndi" in the same sentence has a sense of opposition.
|
umwe ni mugufi undi ni muremure
|
one is short, the other is tall
|
|
umwe arashaje undi ni muto
|
one is old, the other is young
|
|
imyenda imwe ni imyeru indi ni imituku
|
some cloths are white, others are red
|
|
imbwa zimwe ni ntoya izindi ni nini
|
some dogs are small, others are big
|
|
igiti kimwe ni kibi ikindi ni cyiza
|
one tree is bad, the other is nice
|
THE DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES:
-bi bad, dirty, ugly
-bisi raw, uncooked, unripe, not dry
-gari wide, broad
-gufi short, low, shallow
-inshi much, many
-iza good, clean, beautiful, nice, pretty
-ke few, scanty, little (in quantity), (sometimes, -keya)
-kuru important, senior, great, adult
-nini big, thick, large
-nzinya very small, tiny (used only with 7th Class)
-re-re tall, long, high, deep (prefix repeated as well as stem, e.g. muremure)
-sa only, alone, mere
-shya new
-to small, little (size), young, thin (sometimes, -toya)
-zima alive, whole, living, healthy
- shaje old, out of fashion, outdated
THE USE OF DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES WITH
ALL CLASSES OF NOUN
|
Class
|
Noun
|
-iza
|
-bi
|
-to
|
-nini
|
-gufi
|
-re…re
|
-shya
|
-nzinya
|
|
Class 1
|
umwana
|
mwiza
|
mubi
|
muto
|
munini
|
mugufi
|
muremure
|
mushya
|
munzinya
|
|
|
abana
|
beza
|
babi
|
bato
|
banini
|
bagufi
|
barebare
|
bashya
|
banzinya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 2
|
umugozi
|
mwiza
|
mubi
|
muto
|
munini
|
mugufi
|
muremure
|
mushya
|
munzinya
|
|
|
imigozi
|
myiza
|
mibi
|
mito
|
minini
|
migufi
|
miremire
|
mishya
|
minzinya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 3
|
intebe
|
nziza
|
mbi
|
nto
|
nini
|
ngufi
|
ndende
|
nshya
|
******
|
|
|
Intebe
|
nziza
|
mbi
|
nto
|
nini
|
ngufi
|
ndende
|
nshya
|
******
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 4
|
igiti
|
cyiza
|
kibi
|
gito
|
kinini
|
kigufi
|
kirekire
|
gishya
|
kinzinya
|
|
|
ibiti
|
byiza
|
bibi
|
bito
|
binini
|
bigufi
|
birebire
|
bishya
|
binzinya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 5 (b)
|
isabune
|
nziza
|
mbi
|
nto
|
nini
|
ngufi
|
ndende
|
nshya
|
******
|
|
|
amasabune
|
meza
|
mabi
|
mato
|
manini
|
magufi
|
maremare
|
mashya
|
******
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 5 ( a)
|
itara
|
ryiza
|
ribi
|
rito
|
rinini
|
rigufi
|
rirerire
|
rishya
|
******
|
|
|
amatara
|
meza
|
mabi
|
mato
|
manini
|
magufi
|
maremare
|
mashya
|
******
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 6
|
urutoke
|
rwiza
|
rubi
|
ruto
|
runini
|
rugufi
|
rurerure
|
*****
|
runzinya
|
|
|
intoke
|
nziza
|
mbi
|
nto
|
nini
|
ngufi
|
ndende
|
*****
|
******
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 7
|
akagabo
|
keza
|
kabi
|
gato
|
kanini
|
kagufi
|
karekare
|
gashya
|
kanzinya
|
|
|
utugabo
|
twiza
|
tubi
|
duto
|
tunini
|
tugufi
|
tureture
|
dushya
|
tunzinya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 8
|
ubwato
|
bwiza
|
bubi
|
buto
|
bunini
|
bugufi
|
burebure
|
bushya
|
buzinya
|
|
|
amato
|
meza
|
mabi
|
mato
|
manini
|
magufi
|
maremare
|
mashya
|
manzunya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 9
|
ukuguru
|
kwiza
|
kubi
|
guto
|
kunini
|
kugufi
|
kurekure
|
******
|
kunzinya
|
|
|
amaguru
|
meza
|
mabi
|
mato
|
manini
|
magufi
|
maremare
|
******
|
manzinya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class 10
|
ahantu
|
heza
|
habi
|
hato
|
hanini
|
hagufi
|
harehare
|
hashya
|
hanzinya
|
Note:
Some classes have similar class prefix:
|
Prefix
|
Class
|
Relationship
|
Example
|
|
mu
|
Class 1
|
singular
|
Umukobwa muto
|
|
mu
|
Class 2
|
Singular
|
Umugozi muto
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n
|
Class 3
Class 3
|
Singular and
Plural
|
Inka nto (imwe)
Inka nto (nyinshi)
|
|
n
|
Class 6
|
Plural
|
Intoke nto
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ma
|
Class 5
|
Plural
|
Amacupa mato
|
|
ma
|
Class 8
|
Plural
|
Amato mato
|
|
ma
|
Class 9
|
Plural
|
Amaguru mato
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: There are some descriptive which are written in a different way but keep the same meaning.
1. Some regions add “ya” to the descriptive:
|
-to
|
-to+ya
|
-gufi
|
-gufi+ya
|
|
Umugozi muto
|
Umugozi mutoya
|
Umugozi mugufi
|
Umugozi mugufiya
|
|
Igiti gito
|
Igiti gitoya
|
Igiti kigufi
|
Igiti kigufiya
|
|
Amaboko mato
|
Amaboko matoya
|
Amaboko magufi
|
Amaboko magufiya
|
2. Some descriptive twice doubled.
|
-shya
|
-shyashya
|
-re-re
|
|
Ibitabo bishya
|
Ibitabo bishyashya
|
Abagore barebare
|
|
Icyuma gishya
|
Icyuma gishyashya
|
Akana karekare
|
|
Amashati mashya
|
Amashati mashyashya
|
Amaboko maremare
|
